Securitizing the colour revolution: assessing the political role of triads in hong kong’s umbrella movement

In Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement, the use of Chinese triads to attack protestors has attracted international attention, forcing the regime to constrain further acts of grand illegitimate violence. Research suggests that triads were used as ‘thugs-for-hire’ by the regime to achieve political ends. Th...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Lo, Tit Wing (Author)
Contributors: Kwok, Sharon Ingrid ; Garrett, Daniel
Format: Electronic Article
Language:English
Published: 2021
In: The British journal of criminology
Year: 2021, Volume: 61, Issue: 6, Pages: 1521-1539
Online Access: Presumably Free Access
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Keywords:
Extralegal protection
Hong Kong
Securitization
Thugs-for-hire
Triad society
Umbrella Movement
Description
Summary:In Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement, the use of Chinese triads to attack protestors has attracted international attention, forcing the regime to constrain further acts of grand illegitimate violence. Research suggests that triads were used as ‘thugs-for-hire’ by the regime to achieve political ends. The present study aims to examine why the triads were hired and what their specific roles and motivations were. It concludes that triads acted as non-state securitization actors, agent provocateurs or extralegal protectors depending on several factors, such as financial incentives, being stakeholders in occupied sites, business interests in mainland China and individuals’ political ideology. It suggests that triads were used as vigilantes against the threats of Western-instigated Color Revolution and hybrid warfare targeting China.
ISSN:1464-3529
DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azab034