RT Article
T1 A Qualitative Vignette Study of Perceived Barriers and Facilitators of Bystanders in Racism in the Higher Education Context in Finland
JF Journal of interpersonal violence
VO 41
IS 3/4
SP 793
OP 815
A1 Lyons, Minna
A1 Mäkinen, Viivi
A1 Arogundade, Raheemah
A1 Zacheus, Tuomas
A2 Mäkinen, Viivi
A2 Arogundade, Raheemah
A2 Zacheus, Tuomas
LA English
YR 2026
UL https://krimdok.uni-tuebingen.de/Record/1949464393
AB Bystanders play a potentially important role in intervening in incidents of racism, but they often fail to act. Much research has focused on investigating facilitators and barriers to bystander behavior, but mainly in the context of sexual violence. There is a dearth of research in the context of racism, especially outside the English-speaking world. In this pilot study, we employed a qualitative approach to explore bystander facilitators and barriers in higher education students in Finland. Online participants (N = 649) read two vignettes depicting a racist incident and wrote open-ended answers on factors that would facilitate and prevent intervention. We constructed six main themes using an inductive thematic analysis: (i) Perceived self-efficacy to intervene; (ii) Justification and moral reasoning; (iii) Clarity of the situation; (iv) Responsibility and permission to act; (v) Social relationships, support, and presence of others; and (vi) Consequences and impacts of action. We discuss the results with a reference to theories and literature, as well as the unique context of Finland.
K1 Qualitative
K1 University
K1 Finland
K1 Racism
K1 barriers and facilitators
K1 Bystander
DO 10.1177/08862605251315776