RT Article T1 A fork in the road: Probation unification in England and Wales two years on JF Probation journal VO 72 IS 3 SP 256 OP 273 A1 Millings, Matthew A1 Burke, Lol A1 Annison, Harry 1985- A1 Carr, Nicola A1 Robinson, Gwen A1 Surridge, Eleanor A2 Burke, Lol A2 Annison, Harry 1985- A2 Carr, Nicola A2 Robinson, Gwen A2 Surridge, Eleanor LA English YR 2025 UL https://krimdok.uni-tuebingen.de/Record/1936157942 AB This article presents findings from a major longitudinal research project of probation in England and Wales, arguing that the process of its ‘unification’ (re-nationalisation) continues to be a painful process whose end state remains elusive. Having previously articulated how practitioners experienced unification as ‘painful but necessary’, here, using the imagery of a journey, we argue that the speed and direction of travel have encountered a more perilous trajectory than expected as high workloads and staffing challenges have persisted. Second, we argue that enduring challenges in bedding in new working practices – and building the confidence of new and existing colleagues to deliver them – have acted as ‘hazards’ that have needed careful navigation. Third, we argue that staff experience a sense of individual and collective operational vulnerability, in the face of the relentless demands placed upon them. In conclusion, we identify a series of forks in the road that prompt profound questions about the delivery of probation services now and in the future. K1 public protection K1 recruitment and retention K1 staff experiences K1 Organisational change K1 Probation unification DO 10.1177/02645505241303755