Hate crime offending among European youth: prevalence and risk factors

Crime motivated by hate toward social groups and identities is a major social problem. Due to the rise of interethnic, ideological, and religious tensions, the criminal policy relevance of this crime has increased. One compelling question for hate crime researchers has been whether hate crime is dif...

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Bibliographic Details
Authors: Kaakinen, Markus (Author) ; Kivivuori, Janne (Author) ; Vepsäläinen, Janne (Author) ; Marshall, Ineke Haen (Author) ; Enzmann, Dirk 1955- (Author)
Format: Electronic Article
Language:English
Published: 2025
In: European journal of criminology
Year: 2025, Volume: 00, Pages: 1-24
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