RT Article
T1 The heterogeneity of human smugglers: a reflection on the use of concepts in studies on the smuggling of migrants
JF Trends in organized crime
VO 26
IS 1
SP 80
OP 106
A1 Aziani, Alberto
LA English
YR 2023
UL https://krimdok.uni-tuebingen.de/Record/1838923721
AB The use of a broad conceptualization of human smugglers fosters their stereotypical representation. Moreover, the lack of attention to the heterogeneity of smugglers, to their purposes, methods, and organisational choices, leads to the design of unfair and ineffective migration policies. Relying on previous empirical studies on human smuggling and other officially documented instances of the smuggling of migrants, this study investigates the heterogeneity of migrant smugglers and their activities with respect to six dimensions: target/victim, purpose, geopolitical scope, intensity, operational scale, organisation. The results confirm that it is misleading to provide one single definition of a human smuggler; on the contrary, different characterizations exist. In marked contrast to the public conception of human smugglers, they are often motivated by empathy, are active for short periods, and coordinate themselves through loose local networks. Nonetheless, the evidence indicates that there are also profit-oriented groups stably conducting large-scale operations that may end in the victimization of the migrants. The adoption of a vocabulary able to account for the diverse characteristics of human smugglers is recommended in the academic, political and policy debate.
K1 Professional smuggler
K1 Migration facilitator
K1 Human smuggling
K1 Organised Crime
K1 Irregular migration
K1 Securitisation
DO 10.1007/s12117-021-09435-w