RT Article T1 Measuring Disorder: Observer Bias in Systematic Social Observations at Streets and Neighborhoods JF Journal of quantitative criminology VO 34 IS 1 SP 221 OP 249 A1 Hoeben, Evelien A2 Pauwels, L. J. R. A2 Steenbeek, Wouter LA English YR 2018 UL https://krimdok.uni-tuebingen.de/Record/1688825398 AB The present study focuses on Systematic Social Observation (SSO) as a method to investigate physical and social disorder at different units of analysis. The study contributes to the aggregation bias debate and to the ‘social science of ecological assessment' in two ways: first, by presenting a new model that directly controls for observer bias in ecological constructs and second, by attempting to identify systematic sources of bias in SSO that affect the valid and reliable measurement of physical and social disorder at both street segments and neighborhoods. K1 Crime K1 Systematic Social Observation K1 Neighborhoods K1 Ecometrics K1 Physical and social disorder DO 10.1007/s10940-016-9333-6