RT Article
T1 Racial animosity, adversary effect, and hate crime: parsing out injuries in intraracial, interracial, and race-based offenses
JF Crime & delinquency
VO 65
IS 4
SP 447
OP 473
A1 Powers, Ráchael A.
A1 Socia, Kelly M.
LA English
YR 2019
UL https://krimdok.uni-tuebingen.de/Record/1662335423
AB Although most crime in intraracial, studies suggest that interracial victimization is more injurious. This may be especially true for racially motivated offenses; however, studies of hate crime have not disaggregated which racial dyads are associated with injury, and whether they are more injurious than interracial victimizations generally. Likewise, studies of interracial violence often assume a theoretical framework grounded in racial animosity, but cannot test motivation directly. Using the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), this study compares injuries across intraracial, interracial, and bias-motivated offenses. We find differences across racial dyad and the presence of racial animosity, however, the results are largely driven by the race of the offender. Implications for racial animosity theory, adversary effect, and hate crime literatures are discussed.
K1 Injury
K1 Hate crime
K1 Racial animus
K1 NIBRS
K1 Hasskriminalität
K1 Feindseligkeit
K1 Rasse
DO 10.1177/0011128718779566