RT Article T1 Reversing broken windows: evidence of lagged, multilevel impacts of risk perceptions on perceptions of incivility JF Crime & delinquency VO 63 IS 6 SP 659 OP 682 A1 Link, Nathan W. LA English YR 2017 UL https://krimdok.uni-tuebingen.de/Record/1577428072 AB Despite a large number of studies testing Broken Windows Theory (BWT), the reverse theoretical pathway has never been assessed longitudinally (risk perceptions → incivilities perceptions). It is estimated here using panel data from Baltimore, Maryland. Results show lagged, multilevel impacts of risk perceptions on shifting incivilities perceptions. Furthermore, impacts of risk perceptions on later shifts in perceived incivilities vary significantly across streetblocks. Findings support Harcourt’s assertion that “disorder” is not a fixed and unambiguous label; rather, it is dependent on a person defining his or her surroundings. People who report a high degree of crime risk are “biased” toward defining neighborhood features as more problematic than those who do not. K1 Incivilities K1 Incivilities thesis K1 Disorder theory K1 Broken windows theory K1 Crime risk perceptions K1 Perception bias K1 Verwahrlosungszeichen K1 Kriminalitätspolitik DO 10.1177/0011128714555606