RT Article T1 Criminal contemplation, national context, and deterrence JF Journal of quantitative criminology VO 27 IS 2 SP 225 OP 249 A1 Tittle, Charles R. 1939- A2 Botchkovar, Ekaterina A2 Antonaccio, Olena LA English YR 2011 UL https://krimdok.uni-tuebingen.de/Record/1413282245 AB Using random samples of adults from three European countries rarely surveyed about crime-related issues, this study seeks to identify, with more extensive indicators than is typical, individuals who are likely to contemplate the commission of criminal acts. Then, it assesses the contextual universality of deterrence claims by estimating the deterrent effectiveness of perceived formal and informal sanctions for theft and violence among crime contemplators in Greece, Russia, and Ukraine. With criminal contemplation taken into account, our findings confirm the patterns established in past research. Whereas the threat of formal punishment shows little deterrent effect, perceptions of informal sanctions appear to influence projected crime. However, supportive findings hold only in Russia and Ukraine. Overall, it appears that the deterrent effectiveness of sanctions may be to some extent contingent on cultural or contextual characteristics. K1 Perceived sanctions K1 Deterrence K1 Greece K1 Ukraine K1 Russia K1 Abschreckung K1 Sanktionen K1 Russland K1 Griechenland DO 10.1007/s10940-010-9104-8